Sanitation
Bathroom
The proportion of households reporting no bathroom was much higher in rural areas (81%) than that (35%) in urban areas.
Distance from bathing place: A high proportion of households reporting no bathroom, reported their usual bathing place to be within their premises - 79% in urban and 62% in rural areas.
Access to bathroom: Among households using some bathroom, a very high proportion (86% in rural and 75% in urban areas) reported their bathroom to be available for use by that household alone.
Latrine
As high as 83% of households in rural areas reported using no latrine as against only 26% in urban areas. Further, only about 8% and 1% of rural households reported using septic tank and sewerage system, compared to 35% and 22% of urban households.
Access to latrine: About 46% of urban and only 13% of rural households reported sole access to the latrine used by them during the present survey. A gradual increase in these proportions over time is noticeable when the above figures are compared with those obtained from the past NSS surveys.
Distance from latrine used: A vast majority (85% in rural and 89% in urban areas) of households using some latrine reported their latrines to be located within their premises itself. Members of an estimated 8% of households using some latrine - in rural or urban areas - had to travel up to 0.5 km. to reach the latrines used by them.
Percentage distribution of households for different states by type of latrine used during 1998
| State |
Percentage of households (Rural) using a latrine of type |
| No latrine used |
Service latrine |
Septic tank |
Pour flush pit |
Sewerage system |
Other |
n.r |
All |
| Andra Pradesh |
88.5 |
1.1 |
9.3 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Assam |
24.7 |
19.3 |
5.4 |
6.5 |
13.1 |
30.8 |
0.2 |
100 |
| Bihar |
89.4 |
1.6 |
4.5 |
1.3 |
0.5 |
2.6 |
0.1 |
100 |
| Gujarat |
79.9 |
0.4 |
15.3 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Haryana |
84.5 |
1.0 |
7.6 |
5.1 |
1.3 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Karnataka |
88.9 |
0.3 |
2.6 |
7.7 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Kerala |
23.1 |
2.9 |
26.0 |
29.3 |
0.9 |
17.7 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Madhya Pradesh |
94.5 |
1.1 |
3.4 |
0.8 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Maharastra |
85.8 |
1.6 |
11.6 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Orissa |
96.1 |
0.9 |
1.7 |
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.6 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Punjab |
67.9 |
0.9 |
16.8 |
4.2 |
1.3 |
8.9 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Rajasthan |
87.0 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
2.3 |
0.0 |
4.0 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Tamil Nadu |
88.5 |
0.8 |
7.9 |
0.9 |
0.6 |
1.3 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Uttar Pradesh |
90.6 |
2.9 |
4.5 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
0.6 |
0.0 |
100 |
| West Bengal |
76.1 |
6.3 |
9.0 |
2.6 |
0.7 |
5.2 |
0.0 |
100 |
| India |
82.5 |
2.7 |
7.5 |
2.9 |
0.8 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
100 |
| |
Percentage of households (Urban) using a latrine of type |
| Andra Pradesh |
30.8 |
1.2 |
42.9 |
4.6 |
17.9 |
2.4 |
0.1 |
100 |
| Assam |
2.0 |
20.1 |
61.1 |
3.3 |
1.0 |
12.5 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Bihar |
45.3 |
5.2 |
45.2 |
3.6 |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
100 |
| Gujarat |
21.1 |
1.8 |
33.8 |
7.2 |
35.8 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Haryana |
32.9 |
9.7 |
7.5 |
16.5 |
32.3 |
1.1 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Karnataka |
30.0 |
1.8 |
22.0 |
18.1 |
27.4 |
0.7 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Kerala |
5.1 |
3.6 |
48.8 |
25.5 |
7.8 |
9.3 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Madhya Pradesh |
45.2 |
6.2 |
40.3 |
4.9 |
3.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Maharastra |
15.8 |
1.6 |
30.3 |
4.6 |
47.4 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Orissa |
35.8 |
7.7 |
50.5 |
3.4 |
0.8 |
1.7 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Punjab |
14.8 |
1.3 |
23.4 |
6.5 |
50.3 |
3.7 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Rajasthan |
25.5 |
5.2 |
33.3 |
19.3 |
7.2 |
9.6 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Tamil Nadu |
32.5 |
3.0 |
33.8 |
6.5 |
22.3 |
1.8 |
0.0 |
100 |
| Uttar Pradesh |
28.2 |
17.7 |
32.2 |
10.7 |
11.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
100 |
| West Bengal |
15.2 |
5.1 |
55.8 |
7.2 |
11.0 |
5.8 |
0.0 |
100 |
| India |
25.5 |
5.9 |
35.2 |
8.4 |
22.5 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
100 |
|
